The role of endosomal toll-like receptors in bacterial recognition

C. Biondo, G. Mancuso, C. Beninati, C. Iaria, O. Romeo, A. Cascio, G. Teti

Elie Metchnikoff Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. cbiondo@unime.it

Infectious Diseases Unit – Azienda Ospedaliera Piemonte-Papardo, Messina, Italy

Department of Life Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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• Infectious Diseases

BACKGROUND: Infections caused by extracellular Gram positive bacteria are still a major health problems. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune responses to these organisms is key to develop pharmacological agents, including vaccines, to control these infections.

OBJECTIVE AND PERSPECTIVES: The objective of this review is to highlight the importance of nucleic acid-sensing, intracellular Toll-like receptors in innate immune recognition and in host defenses against extracellular bacteria.

CONCLUSIONS: Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 have a major role in inducing host-protective type I interferon responses in conventional dendritic cells in response to streptococci and other extracellular gram positive bacteria. Moreover an as yet unidentified MyD88-dependent receptor is likely responsible for proinflammatory cytokine induction in response to these pathogens.

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